Reasons to Study and Get a Degree in Economics

Economics has a reputation (but not among economists!) as a somewhat dry topic. Its a  generalization thats wrong in several ways. First of all, economics isnt a single topic, but rather many topics. Its an approach that lends itself to many different fields, from microeconomics to industrial organization, government, econometrics, game theory and dozens of other fields. You may not enjoy some of these fields, but if you are fascinated by the complexity of capitalism and would like to understand better how things work in a capitalist society, youll probably find at least one of these areas that youll really enjoy. Terrific Job Opportunities for Economics Graduates There are many opportunities for economics graduates. You are not guaranteed a good-paying job with an economics degree, but your chances are higher than in many other programs. With an economics degree, you can work in a variety of different fields from finance and banking to public policy, sales and marketing, civil service (government departments, the Federal Reserve, etc.), insurance and actuarial work. You can also go on to do further studies in economics, political science, business, or a variety of other fields. If youre certain your interest is in the business world, a business degree may also be a good fit, but an economics degree does open a lot of doors. Economics Knowledge Is Useful at a Personal Level When pursuing a degree in economics, youll learn a lot of skills and knowledge that you can apply to other jobs or to your personal life. Learning about interest rates, exchange rates, economic indicators and equity markets can help you make better decisions about investing and obtaining mortgages. As computers become more and more important in both our business and private lives, being able to use data intelligently gives you a tremendous advantage over persons with fewer skills who make a lot of decisions on impulse. Economists Understand Unintended Consequences Economics teaches students how to understand and spot secondary effects and possible unintended consequences. Most economics problems have secondary effects - the deadweight loss from taxation is one such secondary effect. A government creates a tax to pay for some needed social program, but if the taxation is careless crafted, a secondary effect of that tax may be that it changes peoples behavior, causing economic growth to slow. By learning more about economics and working on hundreds of economics problems, you will learn to spot secondary effects and unintended consequences in other areas. This can help you make better decisions about your personal life and make you more valuable to business; what are the possible secondary effects from the proposed marketing campaign? It likely wont help you get a job, but being able to spot and understand the importance of secondary effects, may help you to keep a job or earn a promotion that much faster. Economics Provides an Understanding of How the World Works You will learn more about how the world works. You will learn more about the impact decisions have on specific firms, entire industries, and on a national level. You will learn more about the impact of international trade, both good and bad. You will discover the effect government policies have on the economy and on employment; again both good and bad. It will help you make more informed decisions as both a consumer and as a voter. The country needs better-informed politicians. Economics is a very good way of improving public sector performance and  Economics gives us all the tools to think of things more clearly and to understand the implications of assumptions we may be making.

Secretary Of State Condoleezza Rice - 1097 Words

In June of 2005, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice went up to 600 people at the American University in Cairo and delivered a very powerful speech on the advancement of democracy in the Middle East. â€Å"For 60 years, my country, the United States, pursued stability at the expense of democracy in this region here in the Middle East, and we achieved neither, she declared, â€Å"Now we are taking a different course. We are supporting the democratic aspirations of all people.† Her speech was seen as an attack on the Egyptian government. She addressed how they intimidated and incarcerated the opposition and also claimed for President Hosni Mubarak to carry our free and fair elections. Since Egypt is of strategic importance to the U.S., it sets the ground of American foreign policy in the Middle East. This essay will address U.S.-Egyptian relations as well as alternatives to U.S. policies in order to achieve democracy and stability in the region. Condoleezza Rice’s harsh speech might have angered Mubarak’s government and given hope to opposition leaders. President Barack Obama gave a more sympathetic speech a couple years later addressing the importance of freedom of choice in Egypt, which greatly delighted Egyptian officials. Regardless of how inspiring or straightforward the speech is, it is evident that the Middle East is indifferent to what America has to say. In situations like the one in Egypt, words count less than deeds. Whatever these speeches or these words are, what isShow MoreRelatedCondoleezza Rice Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pagesjust always in my way†, Condoleezza once said looking back on her difficult childhood. Segregation played a huge part in Condoleezza Rice’s life. Whether it took place during the times of her childhood or even while she held her position as Secretary of State. No matter how tough times became for Rice, she always held her head up high and never gave up. It†™s evident that Condoleezza Rice is a living leader because she is determined, dedicated, and confident. Condoleezza Rice’s determinationRead MoreThe, Extraordinary, Ordinary People : A Memoir Of Family1334 Words   |  6 Pagesin American life. Yet reacting to every incident real or imaged is crippling, tiring and ultimately counterproductive† – Condoleeza Rice, Extraordinary, Ordinary people: A Memoir of Family In 1955, during a sensitive and memorable moment for Black Americans, a time of legalized segregation; Jim Crow, an African American girl was born by the name of Condoleezza Rice. With that being a huge obstacle to face from her and her entire family, as well as living in Birmingham, Alabama, popular South areaRead MoreLeadership Style Based On Rewards And Punishments For Work1569 Words   |  7 Pagesbeneficial and productive for both the leader and the team that they lead. Regardless of political affiliation or views one can look objectively at three dynamic female leaders who have emerged on the American political scene in recent years, Condoleezza Rice, Hillary Clinton and Nancy Pelosi. Each woman collectively possesses an abundance of self-awareness that has helped them reach posts of power within the American political system while breaking through and above the glass ceiling. Aptly describedRead More What Kind of Leader Is Ms. Condoleezza Rice? Essay3525 Words   |  15 Pages Dr. Condoleezza Rice was sworn in as Secretary of State on January 25, 2005. She is a clear example of a leader, which possesses certain traits that have led her to where she is today. In order to evaluate her as a leader, it is necessary to look at different aspects of her leadership. It is important to examine her personality traits and values, ethical challenges she will face, her candidacy, her leadership style, and her dark-side traits. The first way to evaluate her as a leader is to lookRead MoreWho Is Condoleezza Rice?2342 Words   |  10 PagesWho is Condoleezza Rice? In 1955, during a sensitive and memorable moment for Black Americans, a time of legalized segregation; Jim Crow, an African American girl was born by the name of Condelezza Rice. With that being a huge obstacle to face from her and her entire family, as well as living in Birmingham, Alabama, popular South area where many other African Americans popularly known during this time fought for equal rights and later fought for equality during the Civil War, Condelezza wouldRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union1686 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II the United States has filled the role of the â€Å"global police† opposing injustices and neutralizing threats throughout the world, and the threat of devastatingly powerful weapons falling into unstable hands could be treated no differently. With this in mind the question why has the United States not bombed Iran becomes even more perplexing. Iran has consistently been labeled as a radical and unstable nation which poses a major threat to not only United States interest, but also to theRead MoreUnited States Involvement For Terrorism And Spreading Democracy1000 Words   |  4 Pagesrivals. In his State of the Union speech in January 2002, President Bush condemned Iraq for her hostility toward America and her effort to seek WMDs and biological weapons. In the same speech he promised the continuation of war on terror (Bush, 2002). It was stressed by Condoleezza Rice, who was the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, that Iraq was unwilling to cooperate with the UN inspectors and that Iraq was lying about its assumed WMDs (Rice, 2002). Bush, Rice and other membersRead MoreGeorge Wolfowitz s Decision Points Essay1345 Words   |  6 PagesWhile these explanations for the invasion have some merit, they are problematic because they fail to capture the extent of the administration’s actual ambitions. An analysis of how individuals on Bush’s administration, such as Paul Wolfowitz and Condoleezza Rice, viewed the world reveals that the invasion of Iraq was intended to demonstrate the effectiveness of and necessity for preemptive action, overt hrow Saddam, and transform the Middle East. However, what was perceived to be a quick and easy operationRead MoreAnalysis Of George W. Bush s National Insecurity1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthat changes needed to be made. Bush made a final and confident decision to modify his team completely in order to create a different strategy. He replaced his Secretary of Defense, Secretary of State, Chief of Staff and National Security Advisor. Steve Hadley served as the new National Security Advisor, who according to Condoleezza Rice was â€Å"the right personality†. Hadley can be considered the honest broker George W. Bush needed. While Bush took a firmer hand on foreign policy, his NSA acted asRead MoreAmerica s Concern For Global Security926 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s concern for global security, it’s expected that government employees and officials treat sensitive government information and data with the utmost security. Hillary Clinton, Secretary of State (2009 - 2013), failed to take the initiative by securing her governmental email account. Thus, she potentially exposed thousands of sensitive emails from government officials regarding the Benghazi raid which may be potential security issues. After the email scandal was leaked in 2015 to mainstream

Summary Details on Information Management Free Essays

string(41) " stored to be used for future reference\." The report aims to address the issue of information management within Lanway. Information, may feel is the most important resource any firm has, yet many firms have no appreciation of the cost, value or importance of the information they hold. By first outlining the steps and findings of an information audit carried out within the firm, conclusions are then drawn as to what measures should be taken in order to increase the effectiveness of Lanways information usage. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Details on Information Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The measures suggested are outlined in detail, with recommendations of both hardware and software. The report also establishes the need for information and for a company information strategy – highlighting the importance of aligning such a strategy with the overall business plan. Lanway Corporate Business Systems began trading in 1985 from a small market stall on Burnley market. Selling games only for the Spectrum range of computers (the most popular at that time) it began to build up a regular customer base. The firm continued in this way, until 1991 where the introduction of the personal computer led to a change in product and business activity. With the introduction of both new hardware and software, Lanway was now in a position to manufacture and sell its own PC†s. By moving into its own premises, the firm was now able to make substantial profit margins by building and pre-configuring a small range of machines. Lanway began to trade with other firms in 1994, at which point they were forced to expand both their existing premises and staff. They also began to diversify, moving into new areas such as networking technologies, the internet and more specialised hardware and software. Lanway currently has a turnover of approximately 5 million and over 40 staff, both of which are expected to continue in growth. They manufacture around 200 PC†s per week, each different in model, make and specification. The company classes itself in the batch manufacturing bracket. At present, the firm can be split into 5 departments. Sales, Accounts, Networking, Repairs and finally Production or Workshop. The firm is completely networked using a mixture of Microsoftâ„ ¢ and Novellâ„ ¢ technologies. Individual internet access and email is available to all employees. All hardware and software configuration work is carried out in-house. Because the firm has grown in the manner that it has, many of the systems and functions in use have grown from a bottom up fashion, as opposed to a more strategic top level approach. Initial observations would suggest that information management within the firm does not differ from this. An information audit is the assessment of the information held by an agency and of its information activities. (Australian Audit Commission 1999). The purpose of an information audit is to assess, not only what types and levels of information a firm may hold, but how well it meets the needs of the company. Different components of information may already be controlled, such as naming conventions or security passwords, but in most cases firms have little understanding of the relevance, cost or value of the information they hold. Therefore in order to ensure that all relevant areas were covered, a formal plan was first drawn up. To ensure that useful conclusions could be drawn, the objectives and scope of the audit were assessed. These included What types of information sources exist Formal documentation was then designed, in order to maintain a consistent theme by all involved. This too added to usefulness of the findings. Finally an assessment of the overall findings was carried out, to ensure that all anomalies and incoherent data could be accounted for. Only then, based upon the findings were recommendations produced. After analysis of Lanways current operating environment and business activities, the following information sources were identified: Stock and Accounts database – maintained by the same system Data stored within the emails ranged from price lists, customer account details, recent price quotes and specific product enquires. These were also combined with a range of personal emails, both from internal and external sources. Each employee, upon starting work was given a secure email box, from which they are able to send messages to both internal and external sources. Each email box requires user authentication, however network administrators are granted rights to open any mailbox within the system. Here we immediately see problems with regards to both information availability and security. Because only that user has access to the mailbox, no other employee is able to access, what may be at times critical information. Security and data integrity is also compromised, as the email server also acts as the firewall server, and as such is open to internet attacks. It is also at the employees discretion whether they wish to delete messages stored within their inbox, messages which may prove later to hold important or even critical information. Once an email has been deleted, it is almost impossible to retrieve it. Lanway rely heavily on the internet and the features it delivers. This includes company product specifications, product support sites, private business partner resources, online databases and current news information. Lanway also have direct links to suppliers via the World Wide Web, thereby creating multiple extranets. Every departmental manager within Lanway classed the internet within their three most important resources. This in itself shows the importance of the role it plays in today†s business market. For firms such as Lanway, it is the fastest and most efficient way of obtaining up to the date and accurate (in the most part) information and offers the best cost/benefit trade off. However the internet brings with it, from an informational view point, a host of inherent problems and issues. Lanway, like many other firms suffers from this. In most cases, staff were unaware of many of these, and as such the quality of information suffered. The accuracy of the information received is on the most part never checked, and in some cases was then stored to be used for future reference. You read "Summary Details on Information Management" in category "Essay examples" No guidelines exist as to whether only official websites were to be used, nor had any training be given on effectively using the internet itself. No one information store was available, in which staff could save data collected, such as URL†s or product catalogue†s, and in some cases, staff were not aware extranet facilities existed. As such, each individual employee held their own specific ideas and information on using the internet and in many cases time was wasted performing repetitive tasks and retrieving duplicate information. Once again, because the sharing of information was minimal, the speed and accuracy of the data received was greatly reduced. Both of the above databases are stored on the SAGE system and as such are integrated. The stock system contains records not only of items currently in stock, but also previous purchases, dates and times with regards to stock control and trend analysis data. The accounts system contains all data concerned with maintaining and running the company accounts, combined with company payroll and sales transactions. Unlike the previous stores, information held within these systems is not designed to be shared. To access each area the user must have the required level of authority. This is simply for security and privacy reasons – ie. Only certain members of staff can be given access to payroll. Information held within both systems is critical to the running of the business, without it is impossible for any business activity to take place. All the data held within the system maintains it validity and integrity because it is the main transactional system within the firm. The database is currently accessed using a Bespoke application built in house called COSMOS, using access database tables as its base. The program requires user authentication, however all user names and passwords are stored in an access database table which can be opened directly from the network drive. As such security within the system is minimal. The system has been in use for over 8 years and once again suffers from a bottom up approach design. The accuracy of the data is compromised because no formal checks or guidelines exist as to what may be entered in to the system. The security aspect also aids to increase this problem. Duplicate records and anomalies are common place. The age of the system also hinders its accessibility. Although every employee is granted access, many find the system prone to crashes or incorrect record retrieval, again a time wasting activity. Some sales executives said they used their individual Outlook address book to keep their account information, the main reasons being increased speed, reliability and security. All employees of Lanway are given individual folders on the main Novellâ„ ¢ server. Using an advanced system of authentication, only that employee may access their folder. Other users folders are hidden from view accept to system administrators. All word tender documents are stored on in this folder, technical staff store product information and essential applications here. Employees are â€Å"advised† to store all other important documents here as the system is backed up on a regular basis. The accuracy of the data stored within here is not of real consequence to the firm, more to the individual employee, who in themselves are responsible for the task. However, once again the issue of information availability becomes a problem. For technical staff, important information and applications are hidden away from other members, whereas sales staff are unable to gain access to colleagues quotes if required without the assistance of an administrator. All network administrators are regularly out of the office on customer callouts. Product catalogues written documents Due to the nature of Lanways business activity, the range of products sold goes beyond vast and continues to increase by the day. Because of this the firm receives numerous literature on a daily basis. No formal filing system exists, all booklets are â€Å"thrown† onto double desks, or kept by the employee whom it was addressed to. Again issues regarding the availability and relevance of the information are brought into question. Important reference material or current news articles and magazines therefore become unavailable, simply because most employees do not know they exist. It is clear from the above findings, that although Lanway holds and has access to a vast amount of data and information, its overall management of the resource is poor. As such these issues must be addressed when deciding on an information policy and the successful implementation of a Information Service. In order to address these issues, Lanway must first define its information policy. Many of the problems identified earlier stem from a lack of strategic planning, thereby creating inappropriate systems and methods. As such this policy must be aligned with the overall business one and all new systems must serve only to strengthen this. From the findings of the audit, it can be observed that the sharing of information is a critical issue. Much of data stored is only available to certain employees and it is at that employees discretion how the information should be stored. The recommendation is to introduce a controlled information environment where the main aim is information sharing throughout the company. This includes not only ensuring all information is freely available, but employees are specifically informed about policy changes and new developments. Hickie argues that â€Å"an information rich organisation is a successful organisation.† This may be true in part, however it is the management of this information which enables the firms success. Therefore in order to ensure each employee has access to relevant information, such needs should be broken down on a departmental basis. However a significant overlap appears and as such information that is suitable for one department may certainly aid other departments needs;  · Internal company information – this can range from employee guidelines, holiday availability, new company policy or even company car arrangements.  · Latest news and technology stories – information on current market trends, predicted advancements and current vendors strategies  · Product specifications – this includes lists of available types of both hardware and software, the features they possess and the situations they best suit.  · Current pricing catalogues – the IT industry is perhaps the most dynamic of all. As such, products and components prices can change on a daily basis. In order to offer competitive prices, sales executives must be aware of this.  · Competitor information – this may include current pricing or product strategies, financial information and company background.  · New accounting product releases – only accounts staff will be able to judge the effectiveness of new accounts software. As such it is vital that they are able to make an informed decision.  · Current accounting news and new practices – vital for any accounting department wishing to maintain a competitive edge. Such sources also provide help and advice on new practices  · Technical support information – this may be product specific or general tips and usage information  · Product updates essential applications – vital for current systems. As new releases and service packs are issued, this department is responsible for customer receive the right components.  · Product driver banks – due to the large number of products sold, networking employees need access to all drivers concerned with these in order to provide and effective service.  · Past problems customer specific – many problems encountered and repetitive  · Hardware specific manuals – the repairs department are concerned for with hardware failure than software. As such different hardware and configuration manuals are required. As can be seen from the above findings, many of the information sources required by departments overlap with others. This benefits the company from a cost point of view as departments may then share these resources. Implementing the information service Within Lanway, two main types of information exist, electronic and paper. Therefore in order to effectively use these resources, they must be managed in a way that best allows them to be accessed. All brochure documents received are to be immediately filed in new filing cabinets situated on the sales floor – simply because space exists there for them. Each publication is to be filed in alphabetical order under the company heading, with a â€Å"post it note† stapled onto it, giving details of the date it was first entered and which employee was responsible for it. The filing cabinets should be reviewed on a 3 month basis and any duplicate/old data should be removed and shredded. Two types of electronic information exist within Lanway – internal and external sources. However in order to provide a consistent theme, employees should be able to interface both in the same way. The simplest and most effective method of achieving this is by using web technologies. The internet has evolved over the last 5 years as one of the most important factors for successful business and is continuing to do so. A whole range of resources can be obtained via the internet, including searchable online databases, intelligent problem solving systems and other business tools. It would therefore be unwise to attempt to find alternative means of accessing the required data, when the technology already exists and is free for any firm to use. The current network at Lanway – all 100mb – will remain intact, as this is currently the latest and most cost effective technology available for firms of this size. The internet connection will be upgraded to ASDL from ISDN, therefore lowering operating costs and improving speed. The first step for Lanway will be introduction of an intranet. This will be hosted on a new Microsoft Webâ„ ¢ server It will be via this that all electronic information will be accessed, including the internet itself. The online news stories will taken from Silicon.comâ„ ¢, a free online news resource specifically designed for IT firms. Each user will be given a specific user name and password, so that their entrance page may be tailored to their individual needs. The accounts department will gain their current news and information from Accounting.netâ„ ¢, a leading American accounting resource. Once again, the service is free and can be tailored to individuals needs. Both will be accessed via the intranet through absolute URL†s created via Active Scripting when users first log on to the Lanway system. All internal company information will be posted on the website, and employees should be made aware of new data through the use of email. An internal mailing list will serve this purpose. Technical support information will be obtained via vendors own websites and subscriptions to Microsoft Technetâ„ ¢ Novell Support Connection â„ ¢, Symantec Supportâ„ ¢ and 3COM Utilities. The latter sources are comprised of CD-ROM†s which arrive on a monthly basis. As such it is recommended that Virtual Driveâ„ ¢ is purchased, thereby eliminating the need from a CD-ROM network server. Instead, all contents can be copied to the hard drives, creating multiple virtual CD-ROM drives. This improves performance and network reliability. Three new databases are to be set up using SQL server as the base. They will be accessed using web browsers. The first will contain all necessary links to internal applications storage required by technical employees and will also include a brief description of the uses for each application. The second will contain detailed hardware manuals, which if necessary will be scanned in from paper or written by departmental heads. The third will contain past problems related to customer accounts – including hardware, software and individual configuration issues. All of the above systems will be fully searchable using CGI scripting via the web browser on all fields contained within the database – offering a choice of title, topic of keyword to search on. All employees will be given full access to the databases, however only technical staff will be given rights to add to the system. Again checks on the information stored on to be carried out on a three monthly basis. Information is of key importance to any firm, and that is especially true of Lanway. Because of the nature of the business and the products sold, it is vital that the information stored within the internal systems is accurate, relevant and accessible by all employees. By implementing the steps outlined above, many of these issues should be addressed. However it is up-to the company as how successfully they are implemented. Employees will need to be made aware how important the new systems and the new policies that have been introduced are. Only then will the firm begin to see benefits. The costs incurred in this project are minimal, simply because all work can be carried out in house and all products purchased at almost cost, although formal training is certainly recommended – something which will need to be outsourced. The new intranet should help to increase the distribution of information and the consistent manner in which employees are able to access the information should in the long term help the new systems to be used effectively. In order to ensure that Lanway obtains the required results, an information audit should be carried out on a yearly basis – thereby identifying any problems that have risen from implementation of were overlooked on previous audits. How to cite Summary Details on Information Management, Essay examples

Bail Bonds Essay Research Paper Criminal Law free essay sample

Bail Bonds Essay, Research Paper Condemnable Law term paper 17OCT00 Bail Chemical bonds The rule of bond is basic to our system of justness and its pattern every bit old as English jurisprudence itself. When the disposal of condemnable justness was in its babyhood, apprehension for serious offense meant imprisonment without preliminary hearing and long periods of clip could happen between apprehensiveness and the reaching of the King # 8217 ; s Justices to keep tribunal. It was hence a affair of extreme importance to a individual under apprehension to be able to obtain a probationary release from detention until his instance was called. This was besides the desideratum of the medieval sheriff, the representative of the Crown in condemnable affairs, who wore many chapeaus including that of bailing officer. He preferred the conditional release of individuals under apprehension to their imprisonment for several grounds: it was less dearly-won and troublesome ; the gaols were easy to transgress and under so bing jurisprudence the Jailer was hanged if a captive escaped ; the gaols were unsafe to wellness, and as there was no proviso for equal nutrient, many captives perished before test was held Purpose Of Bail # 8211 ; 2Influenced by factors such as these, the sheriff was inclined to dispatch himself of duty for individuals expecting test by passing them into the personal detention of their friends and relations. Indeed, in its rigorous sense, the word # 8220 ; bail # 8221 ; is used to depict the individual who agrees to move assuredly for the accused on his release from gaol and becomes responsible for his ulterior visual aspect in tribunal at the clip designated. As surety, the bond was apt under the jurisprudence for any default in the accused # 8217 ; s visual aspect. Purpose Of Bail # 8211 ; 3Between the 13th and 15thcenturies the sheriff # 8217 ; s power to acknowledge to bail was bit by bit vested, by a series of legislative acts, in the justnesss of the peace. In the instance of a individual committed for felony, the justnesss of the peace had the authorization to necessitate, if they thought tantrum, his staying in gaol until the test took topographic point, but, on the other manus, a individual committed for a misdemeanour instance could, at common jurisprudence, insist on being released on bond if he found sufficient sureties. Writing in the mid-1700 # 8217 ; s, Blackstone d escribed the arrest-bail process his twenty-four hours in the undermentioned transition: # 8220 ; When a delinquent is arrested # 8230 ; he ought regularly to be carried before a justness of the peace # 8230 ; If upon # 8230 ; inquiry it obviously appears that either no such offense was committed or that the intuition entertained of the captive as entirely baseless, in such instances merely it is lawful wholly to dispatch him. Otherwise he must be committed to prison or give bond ; that is, put in his securities for his visual aspect to reply the charge against him. This committedness, hence, being merely for safe detention, wherever bond will reply the same purpose it ought to be taken # 8230 ; Bail is # 8230 ; a bringing or bailment of a individual to his sureties, upon their giving ( together with himself ) sufficient security for his visual aspect ; he being supposed to go on in their friendly detention, alternatively of traveling to goal. # 8221 ; The impression of bond pending test was non changed over the centuries. For case, Mr. Justice Robert H. Jackson of the Supreme Court in discoursing its intent said, # 8220 ; The pattern of admittance to bail, as it evolved in Anglo-American jurisprudence, is non a device for maintaining individuals in gaol upon mere accusal until it is found convenient to give them a test. On the contrary, the spirit of the process is to enable them to remain out of gaol until a test has found them guilty. Without this conditional privilege, even those wrongfully accused are punished by a period of imprisonment while expecting test and are handicapped in confer withing advocate, seeking for grounds and informants, and fixing a defence, Admission to bail ever involves a hazard that the accused will take flight. That is a deliberate hazard which the jurisprudence takes as the monetary value of our system of justness The possibility that the accused might fly or conceal must, of class, be squared with the traditional right to freedom pending test. In order to accommodate these conflicting involvements, hence, his release on bond is conditioned upon his giving sensible confidence in one signifier or another that he will look at a certain clip to stand test. In this respect, the Supreme Court has remarked: # 8220 ; Like the ancient pattern of procuring the curses of responsible individuals to stand as sureties for the accused, the modern pattern or necessitating a bond bond or the sedimentation of a amount of money topic to forfeiture serves as an extra confidence of the presence of the accused. # 8221 ; Modern legislative acts, which regulate bond process in item today and vary from legal power to legal power, provide that an accused may be set at autonomy pending test in several ways. For illustration, he might be released without security by holding in composing to look at a specified clip and topographic point, i.e. , on # 8220 ; his ain recognisance # 8221 ; ; or he may put to death a bond with a sedimentation of hard currency or securities in an sum equal to or less than the face sum of the bond ; or he may put to death a bond bond which requires one or more sureties. A bond bond, with sureties, is basically a contract between the authorities on the one side and the accused and his sureties on the other. Under the contract the accused is released into the detention of the sureties on their promise to pay the authorities a stated amount of money if the accused fails to look before the tribunal in conformity with its footings. Historically, the contract of bond, traced to a gradual addition of religion in the award of a surety and the attendant relaxation of existent imprisonment, constitutes one of the first visual aspects of the construct of contract in our jurisprudence. The early contract of bond differed from the modern bond bond in its manner of executing as it was merely a grave admittance of liability by the sureties made in the presence of an officer authorized to take it. No signatures of the bond was required, and it was non necessary for the individual bailed to adhere himself as a party. The project to give up a peculiar amount in a written bond bond came subsequently in the class of clip. The intent of a bond bond with sureties is to see that the accused will look in tribunal at a given clip by necessitating others to presume duty for him on punishment of forfeiture of their belongings. In times past, particularly when the sureties were friends and relations of the accused, it was assumed that due to his personal relationship the menace of forfeiture of the surety # 8217 ; s belongings would function as an effectual hindrance to the accused # 8217 ; s enticement to interrupt the conditions of the bond by flight. On the other manus, it was assumed that this menace would besides animate the surety to maintain close ticker on the accused to forestall his absconding. On a bond bond, the accused and the sureties are the obligors, the accused being the principal, and the authorities as the obliged. In the event the conditions of the bond bond are satisfied, the duty is null: the accused and his sureties are exonerated ; and any hard currency or other securities deposited are returned to them. If there is a breach of the bond bond # 8217 ; s conditions, nevertheless, the duty remains in full force, and the accused and his sureties are apt to the authorities for the amount stated. A forfeiture of the bond will be declared on default ; but in the involvements of justness the forfeiture may be set aside or, if entered, its executing may be stayed or the punishment remitted. For illustration, the resignation of the principal after forfeiture does non dispatch the surety but however the tribunal may have the resignation and remit the punishment in whole or in portion. As in the yesteryear, the sureties on a bond bond in England are still the friends and relations of the accused. Consequently, the relationship between them remains personal and the accused # 8217 ; s natural sense of moral duty to fulfill the conditions of the bond is strong. As a consequence the English experience has been, on the whole, that really few individuals admitted to bail fail to look for trail. In the United States, nevertheless, this stopping point relationship has by and large yielded to a distant impersonal connexion the more duty has become in the chief a fiscal one. More frequently than non the sureties on a bond bond are surety companies and professional bond bondmans who operate on a wide graduated table and charge fees for their services which may non merely be big but besides unretrievable regardless of whether the accused appears. Under the traditional position taken in England, bond is non a mere contract of suretyship and the accused is non allowed to indemnify the bond. In fact it has been held that any agreement between the accused and his sureties to the consequence that he will indemnify if he absconds is so contrary to public policy that it is null as an understanding and, furthermore, is chargeable as a confederacy to corrupt the class of justness. This position contrasts with that taken in the United States where an express understanding by the principal to indemnify the surety on forfeiture of a bond bond is non so regarded. Therefore, in a Supreme Court instance, where the statement was made that it was contrary to public policy to authorise a principal to contract to indemnify his sureties in a condemnable instance since it would destruct the effectual precautions provided by the interested wakefulness of the bond, Mr. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes stated: # 8220 ; The land for declaring the contract invalid rests instead on tradition than on significant worlds of the present twenty-four hours. It is said that # 8230 ; nil should be done to decrease the involvement of the bond in bring forthing the organic structure of his principal. But bail no longer is the # 8220 ; medium # 8221 ; although a hint of the old relation remains in the right to collar. The differentiation between bond and suretyship is reasonably about forgotten. The involvement to bring forth the organic structure of the principal in tribunal is impersonal and entirely monetary. If, as is this instance, the bond was for $ 40,000, that amount was the step of the involvement of anybody # 8217 ; s portion, and it did non affair to the Government what individual finally felt the loss, so long as it had the duty it was content to take. Despite the tenor of the foregoing transition, tribunals still stress the demand for a moral every bit good as fiscal confidence of the accused # 8217 ; s visual aspect in tribunal. For illustration, in a instance where the bond offered was a certified cheque from a person, the Federal Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in necessitating revelation of the beginning of financess on which the cheque was drawn declared: # 8220 ; The giving of security is non the full step of the bond # 8217 ; s duty. It is non the amount of the bond bond that society asks for, but instead the presence of the suspect. If the tribunal lacks assurance in the surety # 8217 ; s aim or ability to procure the visual aspect of a bailed suspect, it may decline its blessing of a bond even though the fiscal standing of the bond is beyond question. # 8221 ;